Prostate cancer

 

Introduction:- 

 

The prostate is a glandular organ found only in men. It surrounds the neck of the bladder and the first part of the urethra and helps in the secretion of semen. The gland is conical in shape and measures 3 cm in vertical diameter and 4 cm in transverse diameter. It has five anterior lobes, posterior, two lateral and a median lobe. Since the first part of the urethra crosses it any lesion in the prostate will produce difficulty in urinating.

 

Diseases of the prostate:- 

 

1) Prostatitis:- 

 

This is inflammation of the prostate due to bacterial infection. 2) Benign prostate cancer:- 

 

It is a non-cancerous tumor of the prostate that is found after the age of 50. 3, Prostate Cancer:- This is the fourth leading cause of death from malignant disease in men. Prostate cancer.

 

Prostate cancer is linked to male and female hormones (androgens). If the level of sex hormones increases, the growth rate of cancer increases. It was found that after the vessel was removed, there was a significant reduction of the tumor. Location of tumor:- 

 

Prostate cancer usually occurs in the posterior lobe. Non-cancerous growths are seen in other lobes. 

 

Changes in glands and cancer:- 

 

The bone is solid with an irregular surface with a normal lobulation effect. Histologically, prostate cancer is adenocarcinoma (cancer of the epithelial cells of the gland) 

 

Ato:- 

 

The growth rate is fast in prostate cancer. The cyst blocks the urethra and causes difficulty in urinating. Tumor spread:- 

 

Metastasis in early-stage prostate cancer. 

 

1) Regional distribution:- 

 

From the posterior lobe, cancer cells travel to the side lobes and seminal vesicles. Tumor cells also travel to the neck and head of the bladder. 2) Lymphatic circulation:- 

 

Through the lymphatic vessels, cancer cells reach the inner and outer iliac nodes of the lymph nodes. From there, the cells travel to the retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum) and mediastinal (inside the chest) lymph nodes. 

 

3) Blood circulation:- 

 

The spread of cancer cells takes place through the periprostatic venous plexus and reaches the vertebral veins during coughing and sneezing and finally reaches the vertebral body of the lumbar vertebrae. 

 

Signs and symptoms of prostate cancer:-- 

 

Signs and symptoms depend on the stage of the cancer. The following symptoms may be observed. 

 

1) No symptoms:- 

 

The tumor is small and only in the posterior lobe. This was discovered by accident. 

 

2) Hard water:- 

 

Here, the tumor becomes larger and the urethra is slightly compressed. Soon, there will be frequent hunger and hard urination. 3) When there was a close place near, including the volume of the intestine and the Urishra, there will be painful.

 

4) Mode limited: - 

 

When calculated the ureth has been calculated, there will be urine in the urine. 5) Signs of metastasis:- 

 

Some patients have signs and symptoms of metastases.

 

a) Lumbosacral pain due to the spread of cancer cells in the lumbar and sacral vertebrae. b) Fracture of the spine due to cancer of the spine.

 

c) Swelling, pain and accumulation of fluid in the abdomen due to injury in the abdomen. d) Respiratory disease due to cancer of the mediastinal lymph nodes and lungs.

 

e) General weakness due to spread of cancer in different parts of the body. f) Anemia due to involvement of bone marrow and increased destruction of RBC. 

 

Clinical examination:- 

 

Includes any examination to see the prostate gland, palpation of the abdomen to see swelling in the kidneys and any tumors. The patient is examined from head to toe to identify any lesions.

 

Research:- 

 

1) Complete blood test;- 

 

RBC, WBC, Platelet, ESR, bleeding time, clotting time ect. 2) Urine test:- 

 

Microscopic examination to detect pus cells, occult blood, casts, crystals, etc.

 

3) Kidney function test:- 

 

Blood urea level, serum creatinine level, electrolyte level ect. 4) Serum acid phosphatase: 

 

Increase in prostate cancer.

 

5) X-ray spine:- 

 

To detect tumors or fractures. 6) Ultrasound; - 

 

Gives a view of the prostate, bladder, kidneys, etc.

 

7) CT scan:- 

 

Full organ and tumor information. 8) Spinal MRI:- 

 

Provides detailed information about the spine, discs and adjacent soft tissues.

 

9) Lymphangiography: 

 

Gives an idea about the lymphatic spread of cancer. 10) Biopsy to detect cancer:- 

 

A biopsy is taken from the tumor and sent for histopathological examination under a microscope. This will detect the presence of cancer cells.

 

Treatment:- 

 

1) If there is urinary retention, catheterization is necessary. 2) Dialysis if kidney failure